tensorcircuit.circuit¶

Quantum circuit: the state simulator. Supports qubit (dim=2) and qudit (3 <= dim <= 36) systems. For string-encoded samples/counts, digits use 0-9A-Z where A=10, …, Z=35.

Bases: BaseCircuit

Circuit class. Simple usage demo below.

c = tc.Circuit(3)
c.H(1)
c.CNOT(0, 1)
c.RX(2, theta=tc.num_to_tensor(1.))
c.expectation([tc.gates.z(), (2, )]) # 0.54

ANY(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply ANY gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.any_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

CMZ(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply cmz gate on the circuit using hyperedge support for digonal gates. See tensorcircuit.gates.cmz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

CNOT(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply CNOT gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cnot_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

CPHASE(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply CPHASE gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cphase_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

CR(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply CR gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cr_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

CRX(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply CRX gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.crx_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

CRY(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply CRY gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cry_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

CRZ(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply CRZ gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.crz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

CU(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply CU gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cu_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

CY(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply CY gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cy_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.-1.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+1.j & 0.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

CZ(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply CZ gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & -1.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

DIAGONAL(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply diagonal gate on the circuit using hyperedge support for digonal gates. See tensorcircuit.gates.diagonal_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

EXP(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply EXP gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.exp_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

EXP1(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply EXP1 gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.exp1_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

FREDKIN(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply FREDKIN gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.fredkin_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

H(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply H gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.h_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 0.70710677+0.j & 0.70710677+0.j\\ 0.70710677+0.j & -0.70710677+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

I(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply I gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.i_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

ISWAP(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply ISWAP gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.iswap_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

MPO(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply mpo gate in MPO format on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.mpo_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

MULTICONTROL(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply multicontrol gate in MPO format on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.multicontrol_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

ORX(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply ORX gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.orx_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

ORY(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply ORY gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.ory_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

ORZ(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply ORZ gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.orz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

OX(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply OX gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.ox_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

OY(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply OY gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.oy_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 0.+0.j & 0.-1.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+1.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

OZ(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply OZ gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.oz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & -1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

PHASE(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply PHASE gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.phase_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

R(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply R gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.r_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

RX(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply RX gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.rx_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

RXX(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply RXX gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.rxx_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

RY(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply RY gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.ry_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

RYY(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply RYY gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.ryy_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

RZ(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply RZ gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.rz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

RZM(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply rzm gate on the circuit using hyperedge support for digonal gates. See tensorcircuit.gates.rzm_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

RZZ(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply RZZ gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.rzz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

S(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply S gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.s_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+1.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

SD(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply SD gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.sd_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.-1.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

SU4(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply SU4 gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.su4_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

SWAP(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply SWAP gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.swap_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

T(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply T gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.t_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1. & +0.j & 0. & +0.j\\ 0. & +0.j & 0.70710677+0.70710677j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

TD(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply TD gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.td_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1. & +0.j & 0. & +0.j\\ 0. & +0.j & 0.70710677-0.70710677j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

TOFFOLI(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply TOFFOLI gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.toffoli_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

U(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply U gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.u_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

WROOT(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply WROOT gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.wroot_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 0.70710677+0.j & -0.5 & -0.5j\\ 0.5 & -0.5j & 0.70710677+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

X(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply X gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.x_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j\\ 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

Y(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply Y gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.y_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 0.+0.j & 0.-1.j\\ 0.+1.j & 0.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

Z(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply Z gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.z_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & -1.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

Circuit object based on state simulator. Do not use this class with d!=2 directly, use tc.QuditCircuit instead for qudit systems.

Parameters:

nqubits (int) – The number of qubits in the circuit.
dim (If None, the dimension of the circuit will be 2, which is a qubit system.) – The local Hilbert space dimension per site. Qudit is supported for 2 <= d <= 36.
inputs (Optional[Tensor], optional) – If not None, the initial state of the circuit is taken as inputs instead of \(\vert 0 \rangle^n\) qubits, defaults to None.
mps_inputs (Optional[QuOperator]) – QuVector for a MPS like initial wavefunction.
tensors (Optional[Sequence[Tensor]]) – Sequence of tensors for a MPS like initial wavefunction. The order of legs for each tensor is assumed to be (bond-left, physical, bond-right).
split (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – dict if two qubit gate is ready for split, including parameters for at least one of max_singular_values and max_truncation_err.

static all_zero_nodes(n: int, prefix: str = 'qb-', dim: int = 2) → List[Node]¶

amplitude(l: str | Any) → Any¶

Returns the amplitude of the circuit given the bitstring l. For state simulator, it computes \(\langle l\vert \psi\rangle\), for density matrix simulator, it computes \(Tr(\rho \vert l\rangle \langle 1\vert)\) Note how these two are different up to a square operation.

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.X(0)
>>> c.amplitude("10")
array(1.+0.j, dtype=complex64)
>>> c.CNOT(0, 1)
>>> c.amplitude("11")
array(1.+0.j, dtype=complex64)

Parameters:: l (Union[str, Tensor]) – The bitstring of 0 and 1s.
Returns:: The amplitude of the circuit.
Return type:: tn.Node.tensor

amplitude_before(l: str | Any) → List[Gate]¶

Returns the tensornetwor nodes for the amplitude of the circuit given the bitstring l. For state simulator, it computes \(\langle l\vert \psi\rangle\), for density matrix simulator, it computes \(Tr(\rho \vert l\rangle \langle 1\vert)\) Note how these two are different up to a square operation.

Parameters:: l (Union[str, Tensor]) – The bitstring of 0 and 1s.
Returns:: The tensornetwork nodes for the amplitude of the circuit.
Return type:: List[Gate]

amplitudedamping(*index: int, status: float | None = None, name: str | None = None, **vars: float) → None¶

Apply amplitudedamping quantum channel on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.channels.amplitudedampingchannel()

Parameters:

index (int.) – Site index that the gate applies on.
status (Tensor) – uniform external random number between 0 and 1
vars (float.) – Parameters for the channel.

any(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply ANY gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.any_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

append(c: AbstractCircuit, indices: List[int] | None = None) → AbstractCircuit¶

append circuit c before

Example:

>>> c1 = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c1.H(0)
>>> c1.H(1)
>>> c2 = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c2.cnot(0, 1)
>>> c1.append(c2)
<tensorcircuit.circuit.Circuit object at 0x7f8402968970>
>>> c1.draw()
    ┌───┐
q_0:┤ H ├──■──
    ├───┤┌─┴─┐
q_1:┤ H ├┤ X ├
    └───┘└───┘

Parameters:

c (BaseCircuit) – The other circuit to be appended
indices (Optional[List[int]], optional) – the qubit indices to which c is appended on. Defaults to None, which means plain concatenation.

Returns:

The composed circuit

Return type:

BaseCircuit

append_from_qir(qir: List[Dict[str, Any]], allow_channel: bool = False) → None¶

Apply the ciurict in form of quantum intermediate representation after the current cirucit.

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(3)
>>> c.H(0)
>>> c.to_qir()
[{'gatef': h, 'gate': Gate(...), 'index': (0,), 'name': 'h', 'split': None, 'mpo': False}]
>>> c2 = tc.Circuit(3)
>>> c2.CNOT(0, 1)
>>> c2.to_qir()
[{'gatef': cnot, 'gate': Gate(...), 'index': (0, 1), 'name': 'cnot', 'split': None, 'mpo': False}]
>>> c.append_from_qir(c2.to_qir())
>>> c.to_qir()
[{'gatef': h, 'gate': Gate(...), 'index': (0,), 'name': 'h', 'split': None, 'mpo': False},
 {'gatef': cnot, 'gate': Gate(...), 'index': (0, 1), 'name': 'cnot', 'split': None, 'mpo': False}]

Parameters:

qir (List[Dict[str, Any]]) – The quantum intermediate representation.
allow_channel (bool, optional) – whether to allow channel in the qir, defaults to False

apply(gate: Gate | QuOperator, *index: int, name: str | None = None, split: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, mpo: bool = False, diagonal: bool = False, ir_dict: Dict[str, Any] | None = None) → None¶: An implementation of this method should also append gate directionary to self._qir

apply_general_gate(gate: Gate | QuOperator, *index: int, name: str | None = None, split: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, mpo: bool = False, diagonal: bool = False, ir_dict: Dict[str, Any] | None = None) → None¶: An implementation of this method should also append gate directionary to self._qir

static apply_general_gate_delayed(gatef: Callable[[], Gate], name: str | None = None, mpo: bool = False) → Callable[[...], None]¶

apply_general_kraus(kraus: Sequence[Gate], *index: int, status: float | None = None, with_prob: bool = False, name: str | None = None) → Any¶

Monte Carlo trajectory simulation of general Kraus channel whose Kraus operators cannot be amplified to unitary operators. For unitary operators composed Kraus channel, unitary_kraus() is much faster.

This function is jittable in theory. But only jax+GPU combination is recommended for jit since the graph building time is too long for other backend options; though the running time of the function is very fast for every case.

Parameters:

kraus (Sequence[Gate]) – A list of tn.Node for Kraus operators.
index (int) – The qubits index that Kraus channel is applied on.
status (Optional[float], optional) – Random tensor uniformly between 0 or 1, defaults to be None, when the random number will be generated automatically

static apply_general_kraus_delayed(krausf: Callable[[...], Sequence[Gate]], is_unitary: bool = False) → Callable[[...], None][source]¶

static apply_general_variable_gate_delayed(gatef: Callable[[...], Any], name: str | None = None, mpo: bool = False, diagonal: bool = False) → Callable[[...], None]¶

barrier_instruction(*index: List[int]) → None¶

add a barrier instruction flag, no effect on numerical simulation

Parameters:: index (List[int]) – the corresponding qubits

ccnot(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply TOFFOLI gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.toffoli_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

ccx(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply TOFFOLI gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.toffoli_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

circuit_param: Dict[str, Any]¶

cmz(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply cmz gate on the circuit using hyperedge support for digonal gates. See tensorcircuit.gates.cmz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

cnot(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply CNOT gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cnot_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

static coloring_copied_nodes(nodes: Sequence[Node], nodes0: Sequence[Node], is_dagger: bool = True, flag: str = 'inputs') → None¶

Tag copied nodes while preserving the original node’s identity for lightcone cancellation.

Parameters:

nodes (Sequence[tn.Node]) – A sequence of newly copied nodes.
nodes0 (Sequence[tn.Node]) – The sequence of original nodes from which nodes were copied.
is_dagger (bool, optional) – Whether the copied nodes represent conjugate operations, defaults to True.
flag (str, optional) – A label for the node type, defaults to “inputs”.

static coloring_nodes(nodes: Sequence[Node], is_dagger: bool = False, flag: str = 'inputs') → None¶

Tag nodes with metadata used for casual lightcone simplification and tracing.

Parameters:

nodes (Sequence[tn.Node]) – A sequence of tensornetwork nodes to tag.
is_dagger (bool, optional) – Whether the nodes represent conjugate operations (U^dagger), defaults to False.
flag (str, optional) – A label for the node type (e.g., “gate”, “inputs”, “operator”), defaults to “inputs”.

cond_measure(index: int, status: float | None = None) → Any¶

Measurement on z basis at index qubit based on quantum amplitude (not post-selection). The highlight is that this method can return the measured result as a int Tensor and thus maintained a jittable pipeline.

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.H(0)
>>> r = c.cond_measurement(0)
>>> c.conditional_gate(r, [tc.gates.i(), tc.gates.x()], 1)
>>> c.expectation([tc.gates.z(), [0]]), c.expectation([tc.gates.z(), [1]])
# two possible outputs: (1, 1) or (-1, -1)

Note

In terms of DMCircuit, this method returns nothing and the density matrix after this method is kept in mixed state without knowing the measuremet resuslts

Parameters:: index (int) – the site index for the Z-basis measurement
Returns:: 0 or 1 for Z-basis measurement outcome
Return type:: Tensor

cond_measurement(index: int, status: float | None = None) → Any¶

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.H(0)
>>> r = c.cond_measurement(0)
>>> c.conditional_gate(r, [tc.gates.i(), tc.gates.x()], 1)
>>> c.expectation([tc.gates.z(), [0]]), c.expectation([tc.gates.z(), [1]])
# two possible outputs: (1, 1) or (-1, -1)

Note

In terms of DMCircuit, this method returns nothing and the density matrix after this method is kept in mixed state without knowing the measuremet resuslts

Parameters:: index (int) – the site index for the Z-basis measurement
Returns:: 0 or 1 for Z-basis measurement outcome
Return type:: Tensor

conditional_gate(which: Any, kraus: Sequence[Gate], *index: int) → None¶

Apply which-th gate from kraus list, i.e. apply kraus[which]

Parameters:

which (Tensor) – Tensor of shape [] and dtype int
kraus (Sequence[Gate]) – A list of gate in the form of tc.gate or Tensor
index (int) – the qubit lines the gate applied on

copy() → AbstractCircuit¶

static copy_nodes(nodes: Sequence[Node], dangling: Sequence[Edge] | None = None, conj: bool | None = False) → Tuple[List[Node], List[Edge]]¶

copy all nodes and dangling edges correspondingly

Returns:

cphase(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply CPHASE gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cphase_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

cr(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply CR gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cr_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

crx(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply CRX gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.crx_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

cry(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply CRY gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cry_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

crz(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply CRZ gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.crz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

cswap(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply FREDKIN gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.fredkin_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

cu(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply CU gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cu_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

cx(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply CNOT gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cnot_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

cy(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply CY gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cy_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.-1.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+1.j & 0.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

cz(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply CZ gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.cz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

depolarizing(*index: int, status: float | None = None, name: str | None = None, **vars: float) → None¶

Apply depolarizing quantum channel on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.channels.depolarizingchannel()

Parameters:

index (int.) – Site index that the gate applies on.
status (Tensor) – uniform external random number between 0 and 1
vars (float.) – Parameters for the channel.

depolarizing2(index: int, *, px: float, py: float, pz: float, status: float | None = None) → float[source]¶

Apply a depolarizing channel to the circuit in a Monte Carlo way. For each call, one of the Pauli gates (X, Y, Z) or an Identity gate is applied to the qubit at the given index based on the probabilities px, py, and pz.

Parameters:

index (int) – The index of the qubit to apply the depolarizing channel on.
px (float) – The probability of applying an X gate.
py (float) – The probability of applying a Y gate.
pz (float) – The probability of applying a Z gate.
status (Optional[float], optional) – A random number between 0 and 1 to determine which gate to apply. If None, a random number is generated automatically. Defaults to None.

Returns:

Returns 0.0. The function modifies the circuit in place.

Return type:

float

depolarizing2_instruction(q1: int, q2: int, p: float, **kws: Any) → None¶: add a 2-qubit depolarizing instruction flag, no effect on numerical simulation

depolarizing_instruction(q: int, px: float | None = None, py: float | None = None, pz: float | None = None, **kws: Any) → None¶: add a depolarizing instruction flag, no effect on numerical simulation

depolarizing_reference(index: int, *, px: float, py: float, pz: float, status: float | None = None) → Any[source]¶

Apply depolarizing channel in a Monte Carlo way, i.e. for each call of this method, one of gates from X, Y, Z, I are applied on the circuit based on the probability indicated by px, py, pz.

Parameters:

index (int) – The qubit that depolarizing channel is on
px (float) – probability for X noise
py (float) – probability for Y noise
pz (float) – probability for Z noise
status (Optional[float], optional) – random seed uniformly from 0 to 1, defaults to None (generated implicitly)

Returns:

int Tensor, the element lookup: [0: x, 1: y, 2: z, 3: I]

Return type:

Tensor

detector_instruction(lookback_indices: Sequence[int], coords: Sequence[float] | None = None, **kws: Any) → None¶

add a detector instruction flag, no effect on numerical simulation

Parameters:: lookback_indices (Sequence[int]) – the corresponding measurement record indices

detector_probabilities() → Any¶

Calculate the joint probability distribution of all detectors in the circuit.

Returns:: A tensor representing the joint probability distribution.
Return type:: Tensor

diaggates = ['diagonal', 'rzm', 'cmz']¶

diagonal(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply diagonal gate on the circuit using hyperedge support for digonal gates. See tensorcircuit.gates.diagonal_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

draw(**kws: Any) → Any¶

Visualise the circuit. This method recevies the keywords as same as qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit.draw. More details can be found here: https://qiskit.org/documentation/stubs/qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit.draw.html. Interesting kws options include: ``idle_wires``(bool)

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(3)
>>> c.H(1)
>>> c.X(2)
>>> c.CNOT(0, 1)
>>> c.draw(output='text')
q_0: ───────■──
     ┌───┐┌─┴─┐
q_1: ┤ H ├┤ X ├
     ├───┤└───┘
q_2: ┤ X ├─────
     └───┘

exp(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply EXP gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.exp_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

exp1(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply EXP1 gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.exp1_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

expectation(*ops: Tuple[Node, List[int]], reuse: bool = True, enable_lightcone: bool = False, noise_conf: Any | None = None, nmc: int = 1000, status: Any | None = None, **kws: Any) → Any[source]¶

Compute the expectation of corresponding operators. For qudit (d > 2), ensure that operator tensor shapes are consistent with d (each site contributes two axes of size d).

Noise shorthand (via noise_conf) is qubit-only; for d>2, use explicit operators.

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.H(0)
>>> c.expectation((tc.gates.z(), [0]))
array(0.+0.j, dtype=complex64)

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.cnot(0, 1)
>>> c.rx(0, theta=0.4)
>>> c.rx(1, theta=0.8)
>>> c.h(0)
>>> c.h(1)
>>> error1 = tc.channels.generaldepolarizingchannel(0.1, 1)
>>> error2 = tc.channels.generaldepolarizingchannel(0.06, 2)
>>> noise_conf = NoiseConf()
>>> noise_conf.add_noise("rx", error1)
>>> noise_conf.add_noise("cnot", [error2], [[0, 1]])
>>> c.expectation((tc.gates.x(), [0]), noise_conf=noise_conf, nmc=10000)
(0.46274087-3.764033e-09j)

Parameters:

ops (Tuple[tn.Node, List[int]]) – Operator and its position on the circuit, eg. (tc.gates.z(), [1, ]), (tc.gates.x(), [2, ]) is for operator \(Z_1X_2\).
reuse (bool, optional) – If True, then the wavefunction tensor is cached for further expectation evaluation, defaults to be true.
enable_lightcone (bool, optional) – whether enable light cone simplification, defaults to False
noise_conf (Optional[NoiseConf], optional) – Noise Configuration, defaults to None
nmc (int, optional) – repetition time for Monte Carlo sampling for noisfy calculation, defaults to 1000
status (Optional[Tensor], optional) – external randomness given by tensor uniformly from [0, 1], defaults to None, used for noisy circuit sampling

Raises:

ValueError – “Cannot measure two operators in one index”

Returns:

Tensor with one element

Return type:

Tensor

expectation_before(*ops: Tuple[Node, List[int]], reuse: bool = True, **kws: Any) → List[Node]¶

Get the tensor network in the form of a list of nodes for the expectation calculation before the real contraction

Parameters:: reuse (bool, optional) – _description_, defaults to True
Raises:: ValueError – _description_
Returns:: _description_
Return type:: List[tn.Node]

Shortcut for Pauli string expectation. x, y, z list are for X, Y, Z positions

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.X(0)
>>> c.H(1)
>>> c.expectation_ps(x=[1], z=[0])
array(-0.99999994+0.j, dtype=complex64)

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.cnot(0, 1)
>>> c.rx(0, theta=0.4)
>>> c.rx(1, theta=0.8)
>>> c.h(0)
>>> c.h(1)
>>> error1 = tc.channels.generaldepolarizingchannel(0.1, 1)
>>> error2 = tc.channels.generaldepolarizingchannel(0.06, 2)
>>> noise_conf = NoiseConf()
>>> noise_conf.add_noise("rx", error1)
>>> noise_conf.add_noise("cnot", [error2], [[0, 1]])
>>> c.expectation_ps(x=[0], noise_conf=noise_conf, nmc=10000)
(0.46274087-3.764033e-09j)

Parameters:

x (Optional[Sequence[int]], optional) – sites to apply X gate, defaults to None
y (Optional[Sequence[int]], optional) – sites to apply Y gate, defaults to None
z (Optional[Sequence[int]], optional) – sites to apply Z gate, defaults to None
ps (Optional[Sequence[int]], optional) – or one can apply a ps structures instead of x, y, z, e.g. [0, 1, 3, 0, 2, 2] for X_1Z_2Y_4Y_5 defaults to None, ps can overwrite x, y and z
reuse (bool, optional) – whether to cache and reuse the wavefunction, defaults to True
noise_conf (Optional[NoiseConf], optional) – Noise Configuration, defaults to None
nmc (int, optional) – repetition time for Monte Carlo sampling for noisfy calculation, defaults to 1000
status (Optional[Tensor], optional) – external randomness given by tensor uniformly from [0, 1], defaults to None, used for noisfy circuit sampling

Returns:

Expectation value

Return type:

Tensor

fredkin(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply FREDKIN gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.fredkin_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

classmethod from_cirq(qc: Any, n: int | None = None, inputs: List[float] | None = None, circuit_params: Dict[str, Any] | None = None) → AbstractCircuit¶

Import Cirq Circuit object as a tc.Circuit object.

Example:

>>> import cirq
>>> c = cirq.Circuit()
>>> q = cirq.LineQubit.range(3)
>>> c.append(cirq.H(q[0]))
>>> c.append(cirq.CNOT(q[0], q[1]))
>>> tc_c = tc.Circuit.from_cirq(c)

Parameters:

qc (cirq.Circuit) – Cirq Circuit object
n (int) – The number of qubits for the circuit
inputs (Optional[List[float]], optional) – possible input wavefunction for tc.Circuit, defaults to None
circuit_params (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – kwargs given in Circuit.__init__ construction function, default to None.

Returns:

The same circuit but as tensorcircuit object

Return type:

Circuit

classmethod from_json(jsonstr: str, circuit_params: Dict[str, Any] | None = None) → AbstractCircuit¶

load json str as a Circuit

Parameters:

jsonstr (str) – _description_
circuit_params (Optional[Dict[str, Any]], optional) – Extra circuit parameters in the format of __init__, defaults to None

Returns:

_description_

Return type:

AbstractCircuit

classmethod from_json_file(file: str, circuit_params: Dict[str, Any] | None = None) → AbstractCircuit¶

load json file and convert it to a circuit

Parameters:

file (str) – filename
circuit_params (Optional[Dict[str, Any]], optional) – _description_, defaults to None

Returns:

_description_

Return type:

AbstractCircuit

classmethod from_openqasm(qasmstr: str, circuit_params: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, keep_measure_order: bool = False) → AbstractCircuit¶

classmethod from_openqasm_file(file: str, circuit_params: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, keep_measure_order: bool = False) → AbstractCircuit¶

classmethod from_qir(qir: List[Dict[str, Any]], circuit_params: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, allow_channel: bool = False) → AbstractCircuit¶

Restore the circuit from the quantum intermediate representation.

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(3)
>>> c.H(0)
>>> c.rx(1, theta=tc.array_to_tensor(0.7))
>>> c.exp1(0, 1, unitary=tc.gates._zz_matrix, theta=tc.array_to_tensor(-0.2), split=split)
>>> len(c)
7
>>> c.expectation((tc.gates.z(), [1]))
array(0.764842+0.j, dtype=complex64)
>>> qirs = c.to_qir()
>>>
>>> c = tc.Circuit.from_qir(qirs, circuit_params={"nqubits": 3})
>>> len(c._nodes)
7
>>> c.expectation((tc.gates.z(), [1]))
array(0.764842+0.j, dtype=complex64)

Parameters:

qir (List[Dict[str, Any]]) – The quantum intermediate representation of a circuit.
circuit_params (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Extra circuit parameters.

Returns:

The circuit have same gates in the qir.

Return type:

Circuit

Import Qiskit QuantumCircuit object as a tc.Circuit object.

Example:

>>> from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
>>> qisc = QuantumCircuit(3)
>>> qisc.h(2)
>>> qisc.cswap(1, 2, 0)
>>> qisc.swap(0, 1)
>>> c = tc.Circuit.from_qiskit(qisc)

Parameters:

qc (QuantumCircuit in Qiskit) – Qiskit Circuit object
n (int) – The number of qubits for the circuit
inputs (Optional[List[float]], optional) – possible input wavefunction for tc.Circuit, defaults to None
circuit_params (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – kwargs given in Circuit.__init__ construction function, default to None.
binding_params (Optional[Union[Sequence[float], Dict[Any, float]]]) – (variational) parameters for the circuit. Could be either a sequence or dictionary depending on the type of parameters in the Qiskit circuit. For ParameterVectorElement use sequence. For Parameter use dictionary

Returns:

The same circuit but as tensorcircuit object

Return type:

Circuit

classmethod from_qsim_file(file: str, circuit_params: Dict[str, Any] | None = None) → AbstractCircuit¶

static front_from_nodes(nodes: List[Node]) → List[Edge]¶

gate_aliases = [['cnot', 'cx'], ['fredkin', 'cswap'], ['toffoli', 'ccnot'], ['toffoli', 'ccx'], ['any', 'unitary'], ['sd', 'sdg'], ['td', 'tdg']]¶

gate_count(gate_list: str | Sequence[str] | None = None) → int¶

count the gate number of the circuit

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(3)
>>> c.h(0)
>>> c.multicontrol(0, 1, 2, ctrl=[0, 1], unitary=tc.gates._x_matrix)
>>> c.toffolli(1, 2, 0)
>>> c.gate_count()
3
>>> c.gate_count(["multicontrol", "toffoli"])
2

Parameters:: gate_list (Optional[Sequence[str]], optional) – gate name or gate name list to be counted, defaults to None (counting all gates)
Returns:: the total number of all gates or gates in the gate_list
Return type:: int

gate_count_by_condition(cond_func: Callable[[Dict[str, Any]], bool]) → int¶

count the number of gates that satisfy certain condition

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(3)
>>> c.x(0)
>>> c.h(0)
>>> c.multicontrol(0, 1, 2, ctrl=[0, 1], unitary=tc.gates._x_matrix)
>>> c.gate_count_by_condition(lambda qir: qir["index"] == (0, ))
2
>>> c.gate_count_by_condition(lambda qir: qir["mpo"])
1

Parameters:: cond_func (Callable[[Dict[str, Any]], bool]) – the condition for counting the gate
Returns:: the total number of all gates which satisfy the condition
Return type:: int

gate_summary() → Dict[str, int]¶

return the summary dictionary on gate type - gate count pair

Returns:: the gate count dict by gate type
Return type:: Dict[str, int]

general_kraus(kraus: Sequence[Gate], *index: int, status: float | None = None, with_prob: bool = False, name: str | None = None) → Any[source]¶

Parameters:

kraus (Sequence[Gate]) – A list of tn.Node for Kraus operators.
index (int) – The qubits index that Kraus channel is applied on.
status (Optional[float], optional) – Random tensor uniformly between 0 or 1, defaults to be None, when the random number will be generated automatically

generaldepolarizing(*index: int, status: float | None = None, name: str | None = None, **vars: float) → None¶

Apply generaldepolarizing quantum channel on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.channels.generaldepolarizingchannel()

Parameters:

index (int.) – Site index that the gate applies on.
status (Tensor) – uniform external random number between 0 and 1
vars (float.) – Parameters for the channel.

get_circuit_as_quoperator() → QuOperator¶

Get the QuOperator MPO like representation of the circuit unitary without contraction.

Returns:: QuOperator object for the circuit unitary (open indices for the input state)
Return type:: QuOperator

get_positional_logical_mapping() → Dict[int, int]¶

Get positional logical mapping dict based on measure instruction. This function is useful when we only measure part of the qubits in the circuit, to process the count result from partial measurement, we must be aware of the mapping, i.e. for each position in the count bitstring, what is the corresponding qubits (logical) defined on the circuit

Returns:: positional_logical_mapping
Return type:: Dict[int, int]

get_quoperator() → QuOperator[source]¶

Get the QuOperator MPO like representation of the circuit unitary without contraction.

Returns:: QuOperator object for the circuit unitary (open indices for the input state)
Return type:: QuOperator

get_quvector() → QuVector¶

Get the representation of the output state in the form of QuVector while maintaining the circuit uncomputed

Returns:: QuVector representation of the output state from the circuit
Return type:: QuVector

get_state_as_quvector() → QuVector¶

Get the representation of the output state in the form of QuVector while maintaining the circuit uncomputed

Returns:: QuVector representation of the output state from the circuit
Return type:: QuVector

h(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply H gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.h_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 0.70710677+0.j & 0.70710677+0.j\\ 0.70710677+0.j & -0.70710677+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

i(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply I gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.i_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

initial_mapping(logical_physical_mapping: Dict[int, int], n: int | None = None, circuit_params: Dict[str, Any] | None = None) → AbstractCircuit¶

generate a new circuit with the qubit mapping given by logical_physical_mapping

Parameters:

logical_physical_mapping (Dict[int, int]) – how to map logical qubits to the physical qubits on the new circuit
n (Optional[int], optional) – number of qubit of the new circuit, can be different from the original one, defaults to None
circuit_params (Optional[Dict[str, Any]], optional) – _description_, defaults to None

Returns:

_description_

Return type:

AbstractCircuit

inputs: Any¶

inverse(circuit_params: Dict[str, Any] | None = None) → AbstractCircuit¶

inverse the circuit, return a new inversed circuit

EXAMPLE:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.H(0)
>>> c.rzz(1, 2, theta=0.8)
>>> c1 = c.inverse()

Parameters:: circuit_params (Optional[Dict[str, Any]], optional) – keywords dict for initialization the new circuit, defaults to None
Returns:: the inversed circuit
Return type:: Circuit

is_dm: bool = False¶

is_mps: bool = False¶

is_valid() → bool[source]¶

[WIP], check whether the circuit is legal.

Returns:: The bool indicating whether the circuit is legal
Return type:: bool

isotropicdepolarizing(*index: int, status: float | None = None, name: str | None = None, **vars: float) → None¶

Apply isotropicdepolarizing quantum channel on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.channels.isotropicdepolarizingchannel()

Parameters:

index (int.) – Site index that the gate applies on.
status (Tensor) – uniform external random number between 0 and 1
vars (float.) – Parameters for the channel.

iswap(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply ISWAP gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.iswap_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

matrix() → Any[source]¶

Get the unitary matrix for the circuit irrespective with the circuit input state.

Returns:: The circuit unitary matrix
Return type:: Tensor

measure(*index: int, with_prob: bool = False, status: Any | None = None) → Tuple[Any, Any]¶

Take measurement on the given site indices (computational basis). This method is jittable is and about 100 times faster than unjit version!

Parameters:

index (int) – Measure on which site (wire) index.
with_prob (bool, optional) – If true, theoretical probability is also returned.
status (Optional[Tensor]) – external randomness, with shape [index], defaults to None

Returns:

The sample output and probability (optional) of the quantum line.

Return type:

Tuple[Tensor, Tensor]

measure_instruction(*index: int) → None¶

add a measurement instruction flag, no effect on numerical simulation

Parameters:: index (int) – the corresponding qubits

measure_jit(*index: int, with_prob: bool = False, status: Any | None = None) → Tuple[Any, Any]¶

Take measurement on the given site indices (computational basis). This method is jittable is and about 100 times faster than unjit version!

Parameters:

index (int) – Measure on which site (wire) index.
with_prob (bool, optional) – If true, theoretical probability is also returned.
status (Optional[Tensor]) – external randomness, with shape [index], defaults to None

Returns:

The sample output and probability (optional) of the quantum line.

Return type:

Tuple[Tensor, Tensor]

measure_reference(*index: int, with_prob: bool = False) → Tuple[str, float][source]¶

Take measurement on the given quantum lines by index.

Return format: - For d <= 36, the sample is a base-d string using 0-9A-Z (A=10,…).

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(3)
>>> c.H(0)
>>> c.h(1)
>>> c.toffoli(0, 1, 2)
>>> c.measure(2)
('1', -1.0)
>>> # Another possible output: ('0', -1.0)
>>> c.measure(2, with_prob=True)
('1', (0.25000011920928955+0j))
>>> # Another possible output: ('0', (0.7499998807907104+0j))

Parameters:

index – Measure on which quantum line.
with_prob – If true, theoretical probability is also returned.

Returns:

The sample output and probability (optional) of the quantum line.

Return type:

Tuple[str, float]

mid_measure(index: int, keep: int = 0) → Any¶

Middle measurement in z-basis on the circuit, note the wavefunction output is not normalized with mid_measurement involved, one should normalize the state manually if needed. This is a post-selection method as keep is provided as a prior.

Parameters:

index (int) – The index of qubit that the Z direction postselection applied on.
keep (int, optional) – the post-selected digit in {0, …, d-1}, defaults to be 0.

mid_measurement(index: int, keep: int = 0) → Any[source]¶

Parameters:

index (int) – The index of qubit that the Z direction postselection applied on.
keep (int, optional) – the post-selected digit in {0, …, d-1}, defaults to be 0.

mpo(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply mpo gate in MPO format on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.mpo_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

mpogates = ['multicontrol', 'mpo']¶

mr_instruction(q: int, p: float = 0.0, **kws: Any) → None¶

add a measure-reset instruction flag, no effect on numerical simulation

Parameters:: q (int) – the corresponding qubit

multicontrol(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply multicontrol gate in MPO format on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.multicontrol_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

orx(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply ORX gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.orx_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

ory(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply ORY gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.ory_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

orz(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply ORZ gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.orz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

outcome_probability(state: Sequence[int]) → Any¶

Calculate the probability of a specific detector outcome bitstring.

Parameters:: state (Sequence[int]) – The detector outcome bitstring as a sequence of 0s and 1s.
Returns:: The probability of the given outcome.
Return type:: Tensor

ox(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply OX gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.ox_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

oy(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply OY gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.oy_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 0.+0.j & 0.-1.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+1.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

oz(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply OZ gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.oz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

pauli2_instruction(q1: int, q2: int, **kws: Any) → None¶: add a 2-qubit pauli instruction flag, no effect on numerical simulation

pauli_instruction(q: int, px: float | None = None, py: float | None = None, pz: float | None = None, **kws: Any) → None¶: add a pauli instruction flag, no effect on numerical simulation

perfect_sampling(status: Any | None = None) → Tuple[str, float]¶

Sampling base-d strings (0-9A-Z when d <= 36) from the circuit output based on quantum amplitudes. Reference: arXiv:1201.3974.

Parameters:: status (Optional[Tensor]) – external randomness, with shape [nqubits], defaults to None
Returns:: Sampled base-d string and the corresponding theoretical probability.
Return type:: Tuple[str, float]

phase(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply PHASE gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.phase_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

phasedamping(*index: int, status: float | None = None, name: str | None = None, **vars: float) → None¶

Apply phasedamping quantum channel on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.channels.phasedampingchannel()

Parameters:

index (int.) – Site index that the gate applies on.
status (Tensor) – uniform external random number between 0 and 1
vars (float.) – Parameters for the channel.

post_select(index: int, keep: int = 0) → Any¶

Parameters:

index (int) – The index of qubit that the Z direction postselection applied on.
keep (int, optional) – the post-selected digit in {0, …, d-1}, defaults to be 0.

post_selection(index: int, keep: int = 0) → Any¶

Parameters:

index (int) – The index of qubit that the Z direction postselection applied on.
keep (int, optional) – the post-selected digit in {0, …, d-1}, defaults to be 0.

prepend(c: AbstractCircuit) → AbstractCircuit¶

prepend circuit c before

Parameters:: c (BaseCircuit) – The other circuit to be prepended
Returns:: The composed circuit
Return type:: BaseCircuit

probability() → Any¶

get the d^n length probability vector over computational basis

Returns:: probability vector of shape [dim**n]
Return type:: Tensor

projected_subsystem(traceout: Any, left: Tuple[int, ...]) → Any¶

remaining wavefunction or density matrix on sites in left, with other sites fixed to given digits (0..d-1) as indicated by traceout

Parameters:

traceout (Tensor) – can be jitted
left (Tuple) – cannot be jitted

Returns:

_description_

Return type:

Tensor

quoperator() → QuOperator¶

Get the QuOperator MPO like representation of the circuit unitary without contraction.

Returns:: QuOperator object for the circuit unitary (open indices for the input state)
Return type:: QuOperator

quvector() → QuVector¶

Get the representation of the output state in the form of QuVector while maintaining the circuit uncomputed

Returns:: QuVector representation of the output state from the circuit
Return type:: QuVector

r(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply R gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.r_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

readouterror_bs(readout_error: Sequence[Any] | None = None, p: Any | None = None) → Any¶

Apply readout error to original probabilities of bit string and return the noisy probabilities.

Example:

>>> readout_error = []
>>> readout_error.append([0.9,0.75])  # readout error for qubit 0, [p0|0,p1|1]
>>> readout_error.append([0.4,0.7])   # readout error for qubit 1, [p0|0,p1|1]

Parameters:

readout_error (Optional[Sequence[Any]]. Tensor, List, Tuple) – list of readout error for each qubits.
p (Optional[Any]) – probabilities of bit string

Return type:

Tensor

replace_inputs(inputs: Any) → None¶

Replace the input state with the circuit structure unchanged.

Parameters:: inputs (Tensor) – Input wavefunction.

replace_mps_inputs(mps_inputs: QuOperator) → None[source]¶

Replace the input state in MPS representation while keep the circuit structure unchanged.

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.X(0)
>>>
>>> c2 = tc.Circuit(2, mps_inputs=c.quvector())
>>> c2.X(0)
>>> c2.wavefunction()
array([1.+0.j, 0.+0.j, 0.+0.j, 0.+0.j], dtype=complex64)
>>>
>>> c3 = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c3.X(0)
>>> c3.replace_mps_inputs(c.quvector())
>>> c3.wavefunction()
array([1.+0.j, 0.+0.j, 0.+0.j, 0.+0.j], dtype=complex64)

Parameters:: mps_inputs (Tuple[Sequence[Gate], Sequence[Edge]]) – (Nodes, dangling Edges) for a MPS like initial wavefunction.

reset(*index: int, status: float | None = None, name: str | None = None, **vars: float) → None¶

Apply reset quantum channel on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.channels.resetchannel()

Parameters:

index (int.) – Site index that the gate applies on.
status (Tensor) – uniform external random number between 0 and 1
vars (float.) – Parameters for the channel.

reset_instruction(*index: int) → None¶

add a reset instruction flag, no effect on numerical simulation

Parameters:: index (int) – the corresponding qubits

rx(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply RX gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.rx_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

rxx(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply RXX gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.rxx_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

ry(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply RY gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.ry_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

ryy(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply RYY gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.ryy_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

rz(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply RZ gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.rz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

rzm(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply rzm gate on the circuit using hyperedge support for digonal gates. See tensorcircuit.gates.rzm_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

rzz(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply RZZ gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.rzz_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

s(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply S gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.s_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+1.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

batched sampling from state or circuit tensor network directly

Parameters:

batch (Optional[int], optional) – number of samples, defaults to None
allow_state (bool, optional) – if true, we sample from the final state if memory allows, True is preferred, defaults to False
readout_error (Optional[Sequence[Any]]. Tensor, List, Tuple) – readout_error, defaults to None
format (Optional[str]) –
sample format, defaults to None as backward compatibility check the doc in tensorcircuit.quantum.measurement_results() Six formats of measurement counts results:

”sample_int”: # np.array([0, 0])

”sample_bin”: # [np.array([1, 0]), np.array([1, 0])]

”count_vector”: # np.array([2, 0, 0, 0])

”count_tuple”: # (np.array([0]), np.array([2]))

”count_dict_bin”: # {“00”: 2, “01”: 0, “10”: 0, “11”: 0}
for cases din [11, 36], use 0-9A-Z digits (e.g., ‘A’ -> 10, …, ‘Z’ -> 35);

”count_dict_int”: # {0: 2, 1: 0, 2: 0, 3: 0}
format – alias for the argument format
random_generator (Optional[Any], optional) – random generator, defaults to None
status (Optional[Tensor]) – external randomness given by tensor uniformly from [0, 1], if set, can overwrite random_generator, shape [batch] for allow_state=True and shape [batch, nqubits] for allow_state=False using perfect sampling implementation
jittable (bool, defaults true) – when converting to count, whether keep the full size. if false, may be conflict external jit, if true, may fail for large scale system with actual limited count results

Returns:

List (if batch) of tuple (binary configuration tensor and corresponding probability) if the format is None, and consistent with format when given

Return type:

Any

sample_detector(shots: int = 1, batch: int | None = None, allow_state: bool = False, status: Any | None = None, seed: int | None = None, **kws: Any) → Any¶

Sample detector outcomes from instruction-annotated circuits.

Parameters:

shots (int, optional) – Number of samples to draw, defaults to 1.
batch (int, optional) – Number of samples to process in a single batch, defaults to None (equal to shots).
allow_state (bool, optional) – If True, uses the full detector probability distribution for sampling (faster but memory-intensive); if False, uses an autoregressive sampling method based on the tensor network, defaults to False.
status (Optional[Tensor], optional) – Random numbers in [0, 1] used for sampling, defaults to None. If allow_state is True, shape should be [shots] or [shots, 1]; if allow_state is False, shape should be [shots, num_detectors].
seed (Optional[int], optional) – Random seed for sampling, defaults to None.

Returns:

A boolean tensor containing the sampled detector outcomes with shape [shots, num_detectors].

Return type:

Tensor

Compute the expectation with given Pauli string with measurement shots numbers

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.H(0)
>>> c.rx(1, theta=np.pi/2)
>>> c.sample_expectation_ps(x=[0], y=[1])
-0.99999976
>>> readout_error = []
>>> readout_error.append([0.9,0.75])
>>> readout_error.append([0.4,0.7])
>>> c.sample_expectation_ps(x=[0], y=[1],readout_error = readout_error)

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.cnot(0, 1)
>>> c.rx(0, theta=0.4)
>>> c.rx(1, theta=0.8)
>>> c.h(0)
>>> c.h(1)
>>> error1 = tc.channels.generaldepolarizingchannel(0.1, 1)
>>> error2 = tc.channels.generaldepolarizingchannel(0.06, 2)
>>> readout_error = [[0.9, 0.75],[0.4, 0.7]]
>>> noise_conf = NoiseConf()
>>> noise_conf.add_noise("rx", error1)
>>> noise_conf.add_noise("cnot", [error2], [[0, 1]])
>>> noise_conf.add_noise("readout", readout_error)
>>> c.sample_expectation_ps(x=[0], noise_conf=noise_conf, nmc=10000)
0.44766843

Parameters:

x (Optional[Sequence[int]], optional) – index for Pauli X, defaults to None
y (Optional[Sequence[int]], optional) – index for Pauli Y, defaults to None
z (Optional[Sequence[int]], optional) – index for Pauli Z, defaults to None
shots (Optional[int], optional) – number of measurement shots, defaults to None, indicating analytical result
random_generator (Optional[Any]) – random_generator, defaults to None
status (Optional[Tensor]) – external randomness given by tensor uniformly from [0, 1], if set, can overwrite random_generator
readout_error (Optional[Sequence[Any]]. Tensor, List, Tuple) – readout_error, defaults to None. Overrided if noise_conf is provided.
noise_conf (Optional[NoiseConf], optional) – Noise Configuration, defaults to None
nmc (int, optional) – repetition time for Monte Carlo sampling for noisfy calculation, defaults to 1000
statusc (Optional[Tensor], optional) – external randomness given by tensor uniformly from [0, 1], defaults to None, used for noisfy circuit sampling

Returns:

[description]

Return type:

Tensor

sd(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply SD gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.sd_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.-1.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

sdg(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply SD gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.sd_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.-1.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

select_gate(which: Any, kraus: Sequence[Gate], *index: int) → None¶

Apply which-th gate from kraus list, i.e. apply kraus[which]

Parameters:

which (Tensor) – Tensor of shape [] and dtype int
kraus (Sequence[Gate]) – A list of gate in the form of tc.gate or Tensor
index (int) – the qubit lines the gate applied on

Compute the expectation with given Pauli string with measurement shots numbers

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.H(0)
>>> c.rx(1, theta=np.pi/2)
>>> c.sample_expectation_ps(x=[0], y=[1])
-0.99999976
>>> readout_error = []
>>> readout_error.append([0.9,0.75])
>>> readout_error.append([0.4,0.7])
>>> c.sample_expectation_ps(x=[0], y=[1],readout_error = readout_error)

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.cnot(0, 1)
>>> c.rx(0, theta=0.4)
>>> c.rx(1, theta=0.8)
>>> c.h(0)
>>> c.h(1)
>>> error1 = tc.channels.generaldepolarizingchannel(0.1, 1)
>>> error2 = tc.channels.generaldepolarizingchannel(0.06, 2)
>>> readout_error = [[0.9, 0.75],[0.4, 0.7]]
>>> noise_conf = NoiseConf()
>>> noise_conf.add_noise("rx", error1)
>>> noise_conf.add_noise("cnot", [error2], [[0, 1]])
>>> noise_conf.add_noise("readout", readout_error)
>>> c.sample_expectation_ps(x=[0], noise_conf=noise_conf, nmc=10000)
0.44766843

Parameters:

x (Optional[Sequence[int]], optional) – index for Pauli X, defaults to None
y (Optional[Sequence[int]], optional) – index for Pauli Y, defaults to None
z (Optional[Sequence[int]], optional) – index for Pauli Z, defaults to None
shots (Optional[int], optional) – number of measurement shots, defaults to None, indicating analytical result
random_generator (Optional[Any]) – random_generator, defaults to None
status (Optional[Tensor]) – external randomness given by tensor uniformly from [0, 1], if set, can overwrite random_generator
readout_error (Optional[Sequence[Any]]. Tensor, List, Tuple) – readout_error, defaults to None. Overrided if noise_conf is provided.
noise_conf (Optional[NoiseConf], optional) – Noise Configuration, defaults to None
nmc (int, optional) – repetition time for Monte Carlo sampling for noisfy calculation, defaults to 1000
statusc (Optional[Tensor], optional) – external randomness given by tensor uniformly from [0, 1], defaults to None, used for noisfy circuit sampling

Returns:

[description]

Return type:

Tensor

sgates = ['i', 'x', 'y', 'z', 'h', 't', 's', 'td', 'sd', 'wroot', 'cnot', 'cz', 'swap', 'cy', 'ox', 'oy', 'oz', 'toffoli', 'fredkin']¶

split: Dict[str, Any] | None¶

static standardize_gate(name: str) → str¶

standardize the gate name to tc common gate sets

Parameters:: name (str) – non-standard gate name
Returns:: the standard gate name
Return type:: str

state(form: str = 'default') → <property object at 0x7d0ef6fdda80>¶

Compute the output wavefunction from the circuit.

Parameters:: form (str, optional) – The str indicating the form of the output wavefunction. “default”: [-1], “ket”: [-1, 1], “bra”: [1, -1]
Returns:: Tensor with the corresponding shape.
Return type:: Tensor

su4(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply SU4 gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.su4_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

swap(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply SWAP gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.swap_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

t(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply T gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.t_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1. & +0.j & 0. & +0.j\\ 0. & +0.j & 0.70710677+0.70710677j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

td(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply TD gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.td_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1. & +0.j & 0. & +0.j\\ 0. & +0.j & 0.70710677-0.70710677j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

tdg(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply TD gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.td_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1. & +0.j & 0. & +0.j\\ 0. & +0.j & 0.70710677-0.70710677j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

tex(**kws: Any) → str¶

Generate latex string based on quantikz latex package

Returns:: Latex string that can be directly compiled via, e.g. latexit
Return type:: str

thermalrelaxation(*index: int, status: float | None = None, name: str | None = None, **vars: float) → None¶

Apply thermalrelaxation quantum channel on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.channels.thermalrelaxationchannel()

Parameters:

index (int.) – Site index that the gate applies on.
status (Tensor) – uniform external random number between 0 and 1
vars (float.) – Parameters for the channel.

to_cirq(enable_instruction: bool = False) → Any¶

Translate tc.Circuit to a cirq circuit object.

Parameters:: enable_instruction (bool, defaults to False) – whether also export measurement and reset instructions
Returns:: A cirq circuit of this circuit.

to_graphviz(graph: Graph = None, include_all_names: bool = False, engine: str = 'neato') → Graph¶: Not an ideal visualization for quantum circuit, but reserve here as a general approach to show the tensornetwork [Deprecated, use Circuit.vis_tex or Circuit.draw instead]

to_json(file: str | None = None, simplified: bool = False) → Any¶

circuit dumps to json

Parameters:

file (Optional[str], optional) – file str to dump the json to, defaults to None, return the json str
simplified (bool) – If False, keep all info for each gate, defaults to be False. If True, suitable for IO since less information is required

Returns:

None if dumps to file otherwise the json str

Return type:

Any

to_openqasm(**kws: Any) → str¶

transform circuit to openqasm via qiskit circuit, see https://qiskit.org/documentation/stubs/qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit.qasm.html for usage on possible options for kws

Returns:: circuit representation in openqasm format
Return type:: str

to_openqasm_file(file: str, **kws: Any) → None¶

save the circuit to openqasm file

Parameters:: file (str) – the file path to save the circuit

to_qir() → List[Dict[str, Any]]¶

Return the quantum intermediate representation of the circuit.

Example:

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.CNOT(0, 1)
>>> c.to_qir()
[{'gatef': cnot, 'gate': Gate(
    name: 'cnot',
    tensor:
        array([[[[1.+0.j, 0.+0.j],
                [0.+0.j, 0.+0.j]],

                [[0.+0.j, 1.+0.j],
                [0.+0.j, 0.+0.j]]],


            [[[0.+0.j, 0.+0.j],
                [0.+0.j, 1.+0.j]],

                [[0.+0.j, 0.+0.j],
                [1.+0.j, 0.+0.j]]]], dtype=complex64),
    edges: [
        Edge(Dangling Edge)[0],
        Edge(Dangling Edge)[1],
        Edge('cnot'[2] -> 'qb-1'[0] ),
        Edge('cnot'[3] -> 'qb-2'[0] )
    ]), 'index': (0, 1), 'name': 'cnot', 'split': None, 'mpo': False}]

Returns:: The quantum intermediate representation of the circuit.
Return type:: List[Dict[str, Any]]

to_qiskit(enable_instruction: bool = False, enable_inputs: bool = False) → Any¶

Translate tc.Circuit to a qiskit QuantumCircuit object.

Parameters:

enable_instruction (bool, defaults to False) – whether also export measurement and reset instructions
enable_inputs (bool, defaults to False) – whether also export the inputs

Returns:

A qiskit object of this circuit.

toffoli(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply TOFFOLI gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.toffoli_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

u(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply U gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.u_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

unitary(*index: int, **vars: Any) → None¶

Apply ANY gate with parameters on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.any_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) – Qubit number that the gate applies on.
vars (float.) – Parameters for the gate.

unitary_kraus(kraus: Sequence[Gate], *index: int, prob: Sequence[float] | None = None, status: float | None = None, name: str | None = None) → Any[source]¶

Apply unitary gates in kraus randomly based on corresponding prob. If prob is None, this is reduced to kraus channel language.

Parameters:

kraus (Sequence[Gate]) – List of tc.gates.Gate or just Tensors
prob (Optional[Sequence[float]], optional) – prob list with the same size as kraus, defaults to None
status (Optional[float], optional) – random seed between 0 to 1, defaults to None

Returns:

shape [] int dtype tensor indicates which kraus gate is actually applied

Return type:

Tensor

unitary_kraus2(kraus: Sequence[Gate], *index: int, prob: Sequence[float] | None = None, status: float | None = None, name: str | None = None) → Any[source]¶

Apply a unitary Kraus channel to the circuit using a Monte Carlo approach. This method is functionally similar to unitary_kraus but uses backend.switch for selecting the Kraus operator, which can have different performance characteristics on some backends.

A random Kraus operator from the provided list is applied to the circuit based on the given probabilities. This method is jittable and suitable for simulating noisy quantum circuits where the noise is represented by unitary Kraus operators.

Warning

This method may have issues with vmap due to potential concurrent access locks, potentially related with backend.switch. unitary_kraus is generally recommended.

Parameters:

kraus (Sequence[Gate]) – A sequence of Gate objects representing the unitary Kraus operators.
index (int) – The qubit indices on which to apply the Kraus channel.
prob (Optional[Sequence[float]], optional) – A sequence of probabilities corresponding to each Kraus operator. If None, probabilities are derived from the operators themselves. Defaults to None.
status (Optional[float], optional) – A random number between 0 and 1 to determine which Kraus operator to apply. If None, a random number is generated automatically. Defaults to None.
name (Optional[str], optional) – An optional name for the operation. Defaults to None.

Returns:

A tensor indicating which Kraus operator was applied.

Return type:

Tensor

vgates = ['r', 'cr', 'u', 'cu', 'rx', 'ry', 'rz', 'phase', 'rxx', 'ryy', 'rzz', 'cphase', 'crx', 'cry', 'crz', 'orx', 'ory', 'orz', 'iswap', 'any', 'exp', 'exp1', 'su4']¶

vis_tex(**kws: Any) → str¶

Generate latex string based on quantikz latex package

Returns:: Latex string that can be directly compiled via, e.g. latexit
Return type:: str

wavefunction(form: str = 'default') → <property object at 0x7d0ef6fdda80>[source]¶

Compute the output wavefunction from the circuit.

Parameters:: form (str, optional) – The str indicating the form of the output wavefunction. “default”: [-1], “ket”: [-1, 1], “bra”: [1, -1]
Returns:: Tensor with the corresponding shape.
Return type:: Tensor

wroot(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply WROOT gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.wroot_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 0.70710677+0.j & -0.5 & -0.5j\\ 0.5 & -0.5j & 0.70710677+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

x(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply X gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.x_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 0.+0.j & 1.+0.j\\ 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

y(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply Y gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.y_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 0.+0.j & 0.-1.j\\ 0.+1.j & 0.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

z(*index: int, **kws: Any) → None¶

Apply Z gate on the circuit. See tensorcircuit.gates.z_gate().

Parameters:

index (int.) –

Qubit number that the gate applies on. The matrix for the gate is

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j & 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j & -1.+0.j \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

tensorcircuit.circuit.expectation(*ops: Tuple[Node, List[int]], ket: Any, bra: Any | None = None, conj: bool = True, normalization: bool = False, dim: int | None = None) → Any[source]¶

Compute \(\langle bra\vert ops \vert ket\rangle\). For qudit systems (d>2), ops must be reshaped with per-site axes of length d.

Example 1 (\(bra\) is same as \(ket\))

>>> c = tc.Circuit(3)
>>> c.H(0)
>>> c.ry(1, theta=tc.num_to_tensor(0.8 + 0.7j))
>>> c.cnot(1, 2)
>>> state = c.wavefunction() # the state of this circuit
>>> x1z2 = [(tc.gates.x(), [0]), (tc.gates.z(), [1])] # input qubits
>>>
>>> # Expection of this circuit / <state|*x1z2|state>
>>> c.expectation(*x1z2)
array(0.69670665+0.j, dtype=complex64)
>>> tc.expectation(*x1z2, ket=state)
(0.6967066526412964+0j)
>>>
>>> # Normalize(expection of Circuit) / Normalize(<state|*x1z2|state>)
>>> c.expectation(*x1z2) / tc.backend.norm(state) ** 2
(0.5550700389340034+0j)
>>> tc.expectation(*x1z2, ket=state, normalization=True)
(0.55507004+0j)

Example 2 (\(bra\) is different from \(ket\))

>>> c = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c.X(1)
>>> s1 = c.state()
>>> c2 = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c2.X(0)
>>> s2 = c2.state()
>>> c3 = tc.Circuit(2)
>>> c3.H(1)
>>> s3 = c3.state()
>>> x1x2 = [(tc.gates.x(), [0]), (tc.gates.x(), [1])]
>>>
>>> tc.expectation(*x1x2, ket=s1, bra=s2)
(1+0j)
>>> tc.expectation(*x1x2, ket=s3, bra=s2)
(0.7071067690849304+0j) # 1/sqrt(2)

Parameters:

ket (Tensor) – \(ket\). The state in tensor or QuVector format
bra (Optional[Tensor], optional) – \(bra\), defaults to None, which is the same as ket.
dim (int, optional) – dimension of the circuit (defaults to 2)
conj (bool, optional) – \(bra\) changes to the adjoint matrix of \(bra\), defaults to True.
normalization (bool, optional) – Normalize the \(ket\) and \(bra\), defaults to False.

Raises:

ValueError – “Cannot measure two operators in one index”

Returns:

The result of \(\langle bra\vert ops \vert ket\rangle\).

Return type:

Tensor